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Scientists are using whole-genome sequencing data from fragmented or degraded DNA to understand chromosomal abnormalities. These approaches are now used to study chromosomal abnormalities in aDNA as well. There is some evidence that ancient humans extensively used birch pitch to repair tools. Microbes from the pitch sample can reveal information about the oral health of the individuals who chewed it.Sequencing was used to determine the origin of tools found in the 1930s at a site where humans, neanderthals, and denisovans coexisted. Archaeologists re-excavated the cave recently, and found bone remains. Genetic material unequivocally pointed to Homo sapiens and they were dated to be 45,000 years old